How Did the Constitution Guard Against Tyranny Essay

Abraham capital of Nebr take aima was Born on February 12, 1809 in Kentucky. capital of Nebraska Died on April 15, 1865 at the shape up of 65 capital of Nebraskas Formal education was limited to 18 months of schooling. Prior to politics capital of Nebraska was a fairnessyer capital of Nebraska served as an Illinois state legislator, member of the House of Representatives and was an unsuccessful vocalate for the Senate. elective P resident in 1860 Lincoln served from 1861-1865 as the 16th President of the United States.Lincoln wanted to inflame a Spirit of re inmateciliation with the states that had seceded because he didnt want to dissolve the union IN compliancy with a custom as old as the Governwork forcet itself, I appear earlier you to address you briey and to crap in your presence the curse prescribed by the record of the United States to be taken by the President before he enters on the execution of this office. I do non consider it incumbent at present for me to -Timeliness discuss those matters of administration about which there is no special(prenominal) anxiety or excitement.Apprehension seems to exist among the people of -Lincoln Openly Addresses prominent issues of the southeastwardern States that by the entrance fee of a the time. Republi canister Administration their property and their peace and individualal security atomic number 18 to be endangered. on that point has n forever been whatsoever reasonable cause for a good deal(prenominal) apprehension. Indeed, the most ample evidence to the contrary has exclusively the while existed and been open to their inspection. It is found in nearly wholly the published speeches of him who straight addresses you. I do but quote from whizz of those speeches when I declare thatI carry no purpose, directly or -Antithesis indirectly, to interfere with the institution of striverry in the States where it exists. I believe I strike no -Par altogetherelism lawful repair to do so, and I train no incli dry land to do so. Those who nominated and elected me did so with full k out skillfulledge that I had do this and m each(prenominal) similar declarations and had never recanted them and more than this, they placed in the platform for my buy upance, and as a law to themselves and to me, the clear and emphatic resolution which I directly empathiseResolved, That the maintenance inviolate of the rights of the States, and especially the right of separately State to order and control its own national institutions accord to its own judgment exclusively, is essential to that balance of power on which the perfection and endurance of our governmental fabric depend and we denounce the law slight invasion by armed gist of the soil of whatever(prenominal) State or Territory, no matter what pretext, as among the gravest of crimes. I now reiterate these sentiments, and in doing so I only press upon the open watchfulness the most conclusive evidence of which the case is pliable that the property, peace, and security of no section are to be in each sassy endangered by the now incoming Administration.I add, too, that all the protection which, consistently with the spirit and the laws, can be disposed leave alone be cheerfully given to all the States when lawfully demanded, for whatever causeas cheerfully to one section as to a nonher. There is much enmity about the delivering up of fugitives from benefit or labor. The clause I now read is as apparently written in the makeup as any other of its provisions No person held to service or labor in one State, downstairs the laws thereof, escaping into a nonher, shall in consequence of any law or regulation in this be execute from much(prenominal) service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such(prenominal) service or labor may be due.It is scarcely suspicioned that this provision was intended by those who made it for the reclaiming of what we call fugitive slaves and the intention of the lawgiver is the law. each members of carnal knowledge swear their support to the whole Constitutionto this provision as much as to any other. To the proposition, then, that slaves whose cases come within the terms of this clause shall be delivered up their torments are unanimous. Now, if they would make the effort in good temper, could they not with nearly equal unison frame and pass a law by means of which to keep good that unanimous oath?There is some variance of opinion whether this clause should be apply by national or by State authority, but surely that difference is not a very material one. If the slave is to be sur crushered, it can be of but humble consequence to him or to others by which authority it is done. And should anyone in any case be content that his oath shall go ununplowed on a on the dot unsubstantial controversy as to how it shall be kept? Again In any law upon this case ought not all the safeguards of liberty known in c ivilized and humane jurisprudence to be introduced, so that a free man be not in any case surrendered as a slave?And major power it not be nearly at the uniform time to provide by law for the enforcement of that clause in the Constitution which guarantees that the citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States? I take the ofcial oath to-day with no mental reservations and with no purpose to construe the Constitution or laws by any hypercritical rules and while I do not choose now to specify particular acts of relative as proper to be enforced, I do suggest that it pass on be much safer for all, some(prenominal) in ofcial and private stations, to conform to and abide by all those acts which house unrepealed than to violate any of them believe to nd impunity in having them held to be unconstitutional.It is seventy-two age since the rst inauguration of a President under our theme Constitution. During that period ftee n different and extensively distinguished citizens have in while administered the executive branch of the Government. They have conducted it through many another(prenominal) perils, and generally with great success. Yet, with all this scope of precedent, I now enter upon the same task for the brief constitutional term of four years under great and remaining difculty. A disruption of the Federal magnetic north, heretofore only menaced, is now formidably attempted.Lincolns Inaugural had many important points that are critical to understanding the time. Point One He promoted and promised-Strongest possible federal support for the Fugitive Slave Law and the service/labour clause.There is much controversy about the delivering up of fugitives from service or labor. The clause I now read is as patently written in the Constitution as any other of its provisions No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall in consequence of any l aw or regulation therein be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. It is scarcely questioned that this provision was intended by those who made it for the reclaiming of what we call fugitive slaves and the intention of the lawgiver is the law. both members of Congress swear their support to the whole Constitutionto this provision as much as to any other.To the proposition, then, that slaves whose cases come within the terms of this clause shall be delivered up their oaths are unanimous. Now, if they would make the effort in good temper, could they not with nearly equal unanimity frame and pass a law by means of which to keep good that unanimous oath? There is some difference of opinion whether this clause should be enforced by national or by State authority, but surely that difference is not a very material one. If the slave is to be surrendered, it can be of but little consequence to him or t o others by which authority it is done.And should anyone in any case be content that his oath shall go unkept on a unstainedly unsubstantial controversy as to how it shall be kept? Again In any law upon this subject ought not all the safeguards of liberty known in civilized and humane jurisprudence to be introduced, so that a free man be not in any case surrendered as a slave? And might it not be well at the same time to provide by law for the enforcement of that clause in the Constitution which guarantees that the citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States?Timeliness There is much controversy about the delivering up of fugitives from service or labor. The clause I now read is as plainly written in the Constitution as any other of its provisions No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall in consequence of any law or regulation therein be discharged from such s ervice or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. here(predicate) Lincoln uses a direct reference to a portion of the constitution under debate. -Timeliness. .Lincoln wanted to see that the Laws of the essence, be abided by all states. Being The President-Elect, Lincoln knew it was his job to uphold the laws. I take the ofcial oath to-day with no mental reservations and with no purpose to construe the Constitution or laws by any hypercritical rules and while I do not choose now to specify particular acts of Congress as proper to be enforced, I do suggest that it impart be much safer for all, both in ofcial and private stations, to conform to and abide by all those acts which stand unrepealed than to violate any of them trusting to nd impunity in having them held to be unconstitutional.It is seventy-two years since the rst inauguration of a President under our National Constitution. During that period fteen different and gre atly distinguished citizens have in succession administered the executive branch of the Government. They have conducted it through many perils, and generally with great success. Yet, with all this scope of precedent, I now enter upon the same task for the brief constitutional term of four years under great and peculiar difculty. A disruption of the Federal brotherhood, heretofore only menaced, is now formidably attempted.I hold that in reflectivity of universal law and of the Constitution the Federal of these States is perpetual. Perpetuity is implied, if not expressed, in the fundamental law of all national governments. It is safe to assert that no government proper ever had a provision in its natural law for its own termination. retain to execute all the express provisions of our National Constitution, and the joint will endure forever, it being unsufferable to destroy it except by some action not provided for in the instrument itself.I hold that in contemplation of univers al law and of the Constitution the merger of these States is perpetual. Perpetuity is implied, if not expressed, in the fundamental law of all national governments. It is safe to assert that no government proper ever had a provision in its organic law for its own termination. Continue to execute all the express provisions of our National Constitution, and the compact will endure forever, it being impossible to destroy it except by some action not provided for in the instrument itself. Eloquence timeless existence Perpetuity.The Constitution was established to form a more perfect union than the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual totality had been, which was explicitly perpetual in name and text, and thus the Constitution too was perpetual. He added that even were the Constitution construed as a simple contract, it could not be legally rescinded without an agreement betwixt all parties. Lincoln didnt recognize the Confederacy and attempted to reunite the Union in his 1st ina ugural He looked at the Constitution as a contract and that A group can breach a contract but legally they are still bound to it.Again If the United States be not a government proper, but an association of States in the nature of contract merely, can it, as a contract, be peaceably unmade by less than all the parties who made it? One party to a contract may violate it run away it, so to speakbut does it not require all to lawfully rescind it? Descending from these general principles, we nd the proposition that in legal contemplation the Union is perpetual conrmed by the history of the Union itself. The Union is much older than the Constitution.It was formed, in fact, by the Articles of Association in 1774. It was matured and continued by the Declaration of Independence in 1776. It was further matured, and the conviction of all the then thirteen States expressly plighted and engaged that it should be perpetual, by the Articles of Confederation in 1778. And nally, in 1787, one of the declared objects for ordaining and establishing the Constitution was to form a more perfect Union.But if destruction of the Union by one or by a part only of the States be lawfully possible, the Union is less perfect than before the Constitution, having lost the vital element of perpetuity. It follows from these views that no State upon its own mere motion can lawfully get out of the Union that resolves and ordinances to that effect are legally void, and that acts of fury within any State or States against the authority of the United States are insurrectionary or revolutionary, according to circumstances.Lincoln during his speech told his audience that there wouldnt be an invasion of the federationern territory unless it were necessary for him to uphold his obligation to hold, occupy and possess the property and places belonging to the Federal government. Therefore consider that in view of the Constitution and the -Timeliness laws the Union is unbroken, and to the extent of my ability, I shall take care, as the Constitution itself expressly enjoins upon me, that the laws of the Union be faithfully executed in -Civil war was about to begin all the States. Doing this I retain to be only a simple duty on my part, and I shall perform it so utmost as practicable unless my rightful masters, the American people, shall withhold the requisite means or in some authoritative manner direct the contrary.I trust this will not be regarded as a menace, but only as the declared purpose of the Union that it will -Subtle strugglening constitutionally act and maintain itself. -Timeliness In doing this there needs to be no bloodshed or violence, and there shall be none unless it be forced upon the national authority. The power confided to me will be used to hold, -Lincoln is Speaking at present to Secession and occupy, and possess the property and places belonging to the approaching Civil War. Government and to collect the duties and imposts but beyond what may be necess ary for these objects, there will be no invasion, no using of force against or among the people anywhere.Where hostility to the United States in any interior -Here we See Lincolns point that locality shall be so great and universal as to prevent competent resident citizens from holding the Federal offices, there would be no invasion for the there will be no attempt to force obnoxious strangers among the people for that object. While the strict legal right may south unless it were necessary to do exist in the Government to enforce the exercise of these offices, the attempt to do so would be so irritating and so so to uphold the government or to nearly unfeasible withal that I deem it better to forego for the time the uses of such offices. defend the union. There would be no invasion of the South unless such were necessary for him as President to fulfill his obligation to hold, occupy, and possess the property and places belonging to the federal government.The Mail would Continue The mails, unless repelled, will continue to be furnished in all parts of the Union. So far as possible the people everywhere shall have that sand of perfect security which is most favorable to calm thought and reection. The course here indicated will be followed unless current events and experience shall show a modication or change to be proper, and in every case and exigency my best discretion will be exercised, according to circumstances actually active and with a view and a hope of a peaceful solution of the national troubles and the restoration of fraternal sympathies and affections.That there are persons in one section or another who seek to destroy the Union at all events and are glad of any pretext to do it I will uncomplete afrm nor -Antithesis reject but if there be such, I need address no word to them. To those, however, who in objectiveity love the Union may I not speak? Friday, November 7, 2008 23 Before entering upon so grave a matter as the destruction of our nati onal fabric, with all its benets, its memories, and its hopes, would it not be wise to ascertain precisely why we do it? Will you hazard so desperate a tonicity while there is any possibility that any portion of the ills you y from have no real existence? Will you, while the certain ills you y to are greater than all the real ones you y from, will you risk the commission of so fearful a mistake? Reconciliation TimelyAll profess to be content in the Union if all constitutional rights can be maintained. Is it true, then, that any right plainly written in the Constitution has been denied? I think not. Happily, the human mind is so constituted that no party can reach to the audacity of doing this. Think, if you can, of a single instance in which a plainly written provision of the Constitution has ever been denied.If by the mere force of poetry a majority should deprive a minority of any clearly written constitutional right, it might in a moral point of view justify revolution certain ly would if such right were a vital one. But such is not our case. All the vital rights of minorities and of individuals are so plainly assured to them by afrmations and -Periodic Sentence negations, guaranties and prohibitions, in the Constitution that controversies never arise concerning them.But no organic law can ever be framed with a provision specically applicable to every question which may occur in practical administration. No foresight can anticipate nor any put down of reasonable length contain express provisions for all possible questions. Shall fugitives from labor be surrendered by national or by State authority? The Constitution does not expressly say. May Congress prohibit bondage in the Territories? The -Parallelism Constitution does not expressly say. Must Congress protect slavery in the Territories? The Constitution does not expressly say.From questions of this class spring all our constitutional controversies, and we divide upon them into majorities and minoriti es. If the minority will not acquiesce, the majority mustiness, or the Government must cease. There is no other alternative, for proceed the Government is acquiescence on one side or the other. If a minority in such case will secede sort of than acquiesce, they make a precedent which in drama will divide and ruin them, for a minority of their own will secede from them whenever a majority -Timeless refuses to be controlled by such minority.For instance, why may not Speaks to nation at anytime anyplace. any portion of a new confederacy a year or two hence arbitrarily secede again, precisely as portions of the present Union now claim to About unity. secede from it? All who cherish disunion sentiments are now being educated to the exact temper of doing this. Is there such perfect identity of interests among the States to draw up a new union as to produce harmony only and prevent renewed withdrawal? Plainly the central idea of secession is the essence of anarchy.A majority held i n restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, -Periodic and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people. Sentence Whoever rejects it does of necessity y to anarchy or to despotism. Unanimity is impossible. The rule of a minority, as a permanent arrangement, is wholly inadmissible so that, rejecting the majority principle, anarchy or despotism in some form is all that is left.I do not forget the position assumed by some that constitutional questions are to be -Parallelism decided by the Supreme Court, nor do I deny that such conclusivenesss must be binding in any case upon the parties to a suit as to the object of that suit, while they are also entitled to very high respect and consideration in all parallel cases by all other departments of the Government. And while it is obviously possible that such decision may be erroneous in any given case, still the evil effect -Periodic followers it, be ing limited to that particular Sentence case, with the chance that it may be overruled and never become a precedent for other cases, can better be borne than could the evils of a different practice.At the same time, the candid citizen must confess that if the policy of the Government upon vital questions affecting the whole people is to be irrevocably xed by decisions of the Supreme Court, the instant they are made in ordinary litigation amid parties in personal actions the people will have ceased to be their own rulers, having to that extent practically resigned their Government into the men of that eminent tribunal. Nor is there in this view any assault upon the court or the judges. It is a duty from which they may not shrink to decide cases properly brought before them, and it is no fault of theirs if others seek to turn their decisions to political purposes.One section of our country believes slavery is right and ought to be extended, while the other believes it is upon and o ught not to be -Antithesis extended. This is the only substantial dispute. The fugitive-slave clause of the Constitution and the law for the suppression of the foreign slave trade are each as well enforced, perhaps, as any law can ever be in a community where the moral sense of the people imperfectly supports the law itself. The great body of the people abide by the dry legal Timely- obligation in both cases, and a few break over in each. This, I think, Slavery-Major debate in country. can not be perfectly cured, and it would be worse in both cases after the separation of the sections than before.The foreign slave trade, now imperfectly suppressed, would be ultimately revived without throttleion in one section, while fugitive slaves, now only partially surrendered, would not be surrendered at all by the other. Physically speaking, we can not separate. We can not remove our respective sections from each other nor build an impassable wall between them. A husband and wife may be divor ced and go out of the presence and beyond the reach of each other, but the different parts of Timelessness our country can not do this. They can not but remain face to face, and -Unity intercourse, either amicable or hostile, must continue between them. Is -Separate it possible, then, to make that intercourse more advantageous or more satisfactory after separation than before? Can aliens make treaties -relevant-still today easier than friends can make laws?Can treaties be more faithfully enforced between aliens than laws can among friends? Suppose you go to war, you cannot ght always and when, after much loss on both sides and no gain on either, you cease ghting, the identical old questions, as to terms of intercourse, are again upon you. This country, with its institutions, belongs to the people who inhabit it. Whenever they shall grow weary of the existing Government, they can exercise their constitutional right of amending it or their revolutionary right to dismember or overthrow it. I cannot be ignorant of the fact that many worthy and patriotic citizens are desirous of having the National Constitution amended.While I make no recommendation of amendments, I fully recognize the rightful authority of the people over the whole subject, to be exercised in either of the modes prescribed in the instrument itself and I should, under existing circumstances, favor rather than oppose a fair opportunity being afforded the people to act upon it. I will take chances to add that to me the convention mode seems preferable, in that it allows amendments to originate with the people themselves, instead of only permitting them to take or reject propositions originated by others, not especially chosen for the purpose, and which might not be precisely such as they would wish to either accept or refuse.I understand a proposed amendment to the Constitution which amendment, however, I have not seenhas passed Congress, to the effect that the Federal Government shall never interfe re with the domestic institutions of the States, including that of persons held to service. To avoid misconstrual of what I have said, I depart from my purpose not to speak of particular amendments so far as to say that, holding such a provision to now be implied constitutional law, I have no objection to its being made express and irrevocable.The Chief Magistrate derives all his authority from the people, and they have referred none upon him to x terms for the separation of the States. The people themselves can do this if also they choose, but the executive director as such has nothing to do with it. His duty is to administer the present Government as it came to his manpower and to transmit it unimpaired by him to his successor.Antithesis I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battleeld and patriot grave to every liv ing gist and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our ELOQUENCE- nature. Friday, November 7, 2008 30 Effectiveness -One month Later the Civil War Began. -Awkward, what Lincoln had to say to the audience was irrelevant. -Shortly After his speech many of the southern states seceded. -Rather Tedious and Defensive. -In the Shadow of proximo speeches, Gettysburg, Lincoln second inaugural. -They didnt have that much effectiveness for what ensued. Abraham Lincoln Transformation Period 1861-1865.The South wasnt thrilled with Lincolns Election. Lincolns election left the south with no other option but secession-out of dislike or fear of Lincoln. Over the next four years the country would experience wars that impacted not only the ideologies of countrymen but President Lincoln as well. by these events we see how Lincolns role as President led to the transformation of a nation and hi mself as a public gure.Timeline of Events April 12, (430A.M.) 1861 Attack on Fort June 1861 Four Slave States Stay in the Sumter. President Lincoln planned to send Union. Despite accepting slavery, Delaware, supplies to Fort Sumter, he alerted the state in Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri didnt join advance as an attempt to avoid hostile actions. the Confederacy. Although divided in their South Carolina didnt trust Lincoln the loyalties, a combination of political commander of the fort, Robert Anderson, was maneuvering and the Union troops asked to surrender immediately.Anderson maneuvered these states from secession. offered to surrender, only once his supplies had been exhausted. His offer was met with rejection and The Civil War began when Ft. Sumter was red on. April 1861 Four More States nub the Confederacy. The attack Sumter prompted four more states to join the Confederacy. With Virginias secession, Richmond was named the Confederate capitol. license Proclamation January 1, 1863 Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln didnt want to upset bordering slave- holding states so in an attempt to soothe things over, Lincoln resisted the demands of many Republicans for complete abolition. In 1861, Congress had passed an act stating that all slaves employed against the Union were to be considered free. In 1862, another act stated that all slaves of men who supported the Confederacy were to be considered free.Gettysburg July 1-July 3 1863 Gettysburg.Lincolns fleck Inaugural November 1864 Abraham Lincoln Is Re-Elected. The Republican party nominated President Abraham Lincoln as its presidential candidate, and Andrew Johnson for vice-president.Context The country had been through terrible conditions due to the war. The ground was muddy- wet weather was awkward and it was cold yet thousands upon thousands arrived on capitol grounds in Pennsylvania to hear Lincoln speak in hopes for change and an end to war.Context Continued Times had changed. For the rst time ev er, Black Soldiers were allowed to ascertain a presidential Inaugural a monumental change in American History. Licolns Second Inaugural Fellow-Countrymen At this second appearing to take the oath of the Presidential ofce there is less occasion for an extended address than there was at the rst. Then a statement somewhat in detail of a course to be pursued seemed tting and proper.Now, at the expiration of four years, during which public -Periodic declarations have been constantly called forth on every point and phase of the great contest which Sentences still absorbs the attention and engrosses the energies of the nation, little that is new could be presented. The progress of our arms, upon which all else chiey depends, is as well known to the public as to myself, and it is, I trust, reasonably satisfactory and encouraging to all. With high hope for the future, no prediction in regard to it is ventured.Past history of the war On the occasion corresponding to this four years ago all thoughts were anxiously directed to an impending civil war. All dreaded it, all sought to -Antithesis ward off it. While the inaugural address was being delivered from this place, devoted altogether to saving the Union without war, urgent agents were in the city seeking to destroy it without warseeking to dissolve the Union and divide effects by negotiation. Both parties deprecated war, but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish, and the war came. -TimelinessHopes for the Future One-eighth of the whole population were colored slaves, not distributed generally over the Union, but localized in the southern part of it. These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that this interest was somehow the cause of the war. To strengthen, perpetuate, and extend this interest was the object for which -Will of the beau ideal the insurgents would rend the Union even by war, while the Governme nt claimed no right to do more than to restrict the territorial enlargement of it. Neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration which it has already attained. Neither anticipated that the cause of the conict might cease with or even before the conict itself should cease.Each looked for an easier triumph, and a result less fundamental and astounding. Both read the same Bible and crave to the same God, and each invokes His aid against the other. It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just Gods assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other mens faces, but let us judge not, that we be not judged. The prayers of both could not be answered. That of neither has been answered fully. The Almighty has His own purposes. Woe unto the world because of offenses for it must needs be that offenses come, but agony to that man by whom the offense cometh.If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offenses which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, having continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives to both northwesterly and South this terrible war as the woe due to those by whom the offense came, shall we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living God always ascribe to Him? lovingly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away.Yet, if God -Timelessness wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsmans two hundred and fty years of nonreciprocal toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether. With malice toward none, with charity for all, with rmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to nish the work we are in, to bind up the nations woun ds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations. Timelessness -Effectiveness